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Researchers with the University of Plymouth's Peninsula Dental School - along with collaboration worldwide – have discovered a mechanism that may offer a potential solution to tooth repair. With the knowledge that stem cells hold the key to wound healing as they develop into specialized cell types throughout the body - including in teeth, the study - published in Nature Communications - shows that a gene called Dlk1 enhances stem cell activation and tissue regeneration in tooth healing. The researchers discovered a new population of mesenchymal stem cells - the stem cells that make up skeletal tissue such as muscle and bone - in a continuously growing mouse incisor model.
They showed that these cells contribute to the formation of tooth dentin, the hard tissue that covers the main body of a tooth. When these stem cells are activated, they then send signals back to the mother cells of the tissue to control the number of cells produced, through a molecular gene called Dlk1. This is the first study to show that Dlk1 is vital for this process to work. They also proved that Dlk1 can enhance stem cell activation and tissue regeneration in a tooth wound healing model. This mechanism could provide a novel solution for tooth reparation, dealing with problems such as tooth decay and crumbling - known as caries - and trauma treatment. Further studies need to take place to validate the findings for clinical applications, in order to ascertain the appropriate treatment duration and dose.
From Trauma To Carries
The study was led by Dr. Bing Hu, who is also part of the University's Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine (ITSMed). "Stem cells are so important, as, in the future, they could be used by laboratories to regenerate tissues that have been damaged or lost due to disease - so it's vital to understand how they work,” Hu says. “By uncovering both the new stem cells that make the main body of a tooth and establishing their vital use of Dlk1 in regenerating the tissue, we have taken major steps in understanding stem cell regeneration. The work has taken place in lab models at this stage, and further work needs to be done before we can bring them in to human use. But it's a really big breakthrough in regenerative medicine that could have huge implications for patients in the future."
"We are highly excited by the recent progresses in Dr. Hu's group,” added Professor Christopher Tredwin, Head of Peninsula Dental School and co-author of the paper. “This new work, together with a recent high-impact paper published in The EMBO Journal, which is about another type of stem cells in the tooth: epithelial stem cells, puts Plymouth at the front of the world's dental and craniofacial stem cell research and regenerative medicine. We expect those researchers will soon provide dental patients better time and cost-effective solutions to serious tooth problems - from trauma to caries."
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