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Sítrónuolía

sítrónuolía


Um jurtaolíur

Notkun jurtaolía má rekja þúsundir ára aftur í tímann, með rótum í menningarheimum eins og fornum Súmerum, Kínverjum og Rómaveldi.[1] Jurtarolíur eru unnar úr heilli plöntu, varðveita ilm hennar, helstu virku innihaldsefnin og kjarna plöntunnar. Jurtarolíur unnar úr ýmsum plöntum hafa verið notaðar í gegnum söguna til að heiðra guði,[2] undirbúa líkama fyrir útför,[3] viðhalda fegurð, aðstoða við hreinlæti og meðhöndla fjölbreytt læknisfræðileg ástand. Leiðbeiningar um undirbúning og notkun plantna sem lyf eru skráðar í verkum Dioscorides, De materia medica.[4], aftur á fyrstu öld. Nútímatækni hefur gert kleift að greina og rannsaka virku hlutana í plöntum fyrir hlutverk þeirra í heilsu og gagnsemi gegn ýmsum læknisfræðilegum ástandum. Gildi jurtaolía hefur staðist tímans tönn.  

Eiginleikar sítrónu

Frá Indlandi til Ítalíu snertir mikilvægi sítrusviðartegunda alla heimsálfa og nær frá eldhúsborði til lyfjaskáps. Elstu sítrustré vöxðu í Asíu og nútíma sítrónan var í raun búin til með röð blendinga af sítrónu og súru appelsínu.[5]öld, mögulega í Indlandi.[6] Á 1.öld öld e.Kr., höfðu sítrónur borist til Ítalíu og voru sýndar í rómverskum mósaíkmyndum í Norður-Afríku. Ræktun þeirra var lýst í arabísku ritgerð Qustus al-Rumi um landbúnað á 10.öld aldar, og Kantonar skráðu notkun sítrónunnar á 12.öld öld. Persónulegur læknir múslimaleiðtogans Saladin skrifaði ritgerð um sítrónuna í lok 12.öld öld. Þrátt fyrir gælunafnið „limeys“ sem þeir urðu þekktir undir, notaði breska sjóherinn sætar sítrónur, ekki límónur, til að berjast gegn skyrbjúg á sjó á 18.öld öld.[7] Christopher Columbus flutti fyrstu sítrónufræin til Hispaniola árið 1493, og spænskir landkönnuðir fluttu þau til St. Augustine í Flórída. Í dag er mest af sítrónuframboði heimsins ræktað á Ítalíu og í Kaliforníu.[8]  

Tegundir sítróna

sítróna

Sítrónan fæddist sem blendingur og heldur áfram að þróast. Sítrónan sem þú ert líklegast til að kaupa í matvöruverslun er Meyer sítrónan, sem er metin fyrir fjölhæfni sína í matargerð.[9] Um það bil 17 viðurkenndar tegundir sítróna eru til, sem latneska nafnið er Citrus Limon. Þó að mikið af fræðiritum um notkun sítróna tilgreini ekki tegundina sem er notuð, er vaxandi áhugi á að staðfesta hreinleika og uppruna ákveðinna sítrónutegunda,[10] hvaða skilyrði hámarka verðmætan olíu sem fæst við útdrátt[11] og hvaða tegundir eru öflugastar læknisfræðilega.[12] 


Næringarefni

Mjög súr bragð sítrónunnar er tekið í litlum skömmtum, en sá litli skammtur er fullur af næringarefnum. Sítrónan er lágkaloríurík, tvöfalt ríkari af C-vítamíni en appelsínur og inniheldur mjög mikið af kalíum. Sítrónur innihalda einnig bjóflavonoíð og andoxunarefni eins og beta-kriptóxantín og lutein og zeaxanthin. Vítamín A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, fólínsýra og kalk eru einnig til staðar.[13]

Sítrónuhýðið er einnig næringarríkt. Bara 1 matskeið af hýðinu inniheldur 9,6 mg af kalíum, 8 mg af kalki, 7,7 mg af C-vítamíni og 0,6 g af trefjum. Hýðið inniheldur einnig magnesíum, fosfór, plöntusteróla og nauðsynlegar fitusýrur. Það er mest metið fyrir flavonoíðin sem hafa sterka andoxunareiginleika.  

Undirbúningur sítrónuolíu

Nauðsynlegar olíur sítrónunnar eru teknar úr björtum gulum hýðinu. Þetta ytra hýði kallast „flavedo“ og er þakið smáum kirtlum. Hver kirtill inniheldur eina dropa af nauðsynlegri olíu. Til að ná lífrænni olíu þarf að brjóta kirtlana í hýðinu líkamlega upp.[14] Helstu lausu olíurnar í sítrónuhýði eru limonene, alfa-terpinen, alfa-pinen[15], og helstu fjölfenólarnir í sítrónuhýði eru eriocitrin, hesperidin, narirutin og diosmin.  

Útdráttur eða kaldpressun

Útdráttur vísar til ferlisins þar sem sítrónuhýði er hægt og rólega brotið niður undir vélrænu þrýstingi til að losa olíuna úr kirtlum hýðisins. Þetta ferli notar Ecuelle a piquer, eða tæki hannað til að ná olíum úr ávaxtahýðum. Það hófst í Frakklandi sem skál með nálum til að stinga í hýðið og tröppu til að safna losuðum olíum. Það hefur verið nútímavætt til að mæta viðskiptalegum aðstæðum, en notar sömu meginreglur um að stinga og hrista hýðið.[16]

Kaldpressað þýðir að olían var unnin við lágan hita. Lágur hiti varðveitir lausa olíuna sem gefur plöntunni ríkulegan ilm. Olían sem fæst getur verið frá djúpum smaragðgrænum til gulra, eftir því hversu þroskuð planta var og hvaða sítrónutegund var notuð. Ef olían er tær var líklega notaður hiti við vinnslu, þó að skýjað útlit stafi líklega af örverum eða vaxi sem hefur fallið út eftir vinnslu.[17]

Eimingarnám

Eimingarnám þýðir að planta er sett í vatn eða gufu til að brjóta niður plöntuefnið og losa nauðsynlega olíu. Olíurnar eru kældar og þéttaðar til að safna þeim.[18] Eiming er notuð til að ná sítrónuhýði, þó að olían sem fæst hafi ekki ríkulegan lit og ilm ferskra sítrónuhýða. Þessi mildari ilmur gæti verið ástæða gufueimingar, en hún hefur tvö önnur kostaverð.

Gufuþéttu sítrónuhýðisolía inniheldur ekki vaxkenndan leif sem kalt pressuð olía myndi innihalda. Þetta gerir hana ólíklegri til að stífla olíudreifara, blekkja efni og þar sem hún er minna líffræðilega virk, lengir geymsluþol. Annar árangur gufuþéttingunnar er að búa til olíu sem er „psoralen-frí“, eða inniheldur ekki furokúmarín. Furokúmarín hefur verið fundið vera ljósvaldandi krabbameinsvaldandi. Þegar þessi efni eru útsett fyrir ljósi geta þau valdið stökkbreytingum í frumum sem leiða til krabbameins. Þessi tengsl milli notkunar sítrónuhýðisútdrætta sem innihalda furokúmarín og húðkrabbameins voru fyrst rannsökuð með sítrónuolíu sem staðbundnu meðali, eins og í kremum, í dýrarannsóknum.[19]

Hvernig þessi ljósvaldandi krabbameinsmyndun á sér stað er ekki einfalt ferli, sem gerir það erfitt að vita hvort allur notkun sítrónuolíu sé áhættuþáttur fyrir húðkrabbamein.[20] Nýlegri mannlegar rannsóknir hafa fundið aukningu á tíðni húðkrabbameins,[21] grunnfrumu- og flöguþekjukrabbamein hjá fólki sem borðar meira af sítrusávöxtum, þó þessar rannsóknir hafi einbeitt sér að furokúmarínum úr appelsínum og greipaldinum,[22] ekki sérstaklega sítrónur. Fleiri rannsóknir eru nauðsynlegar til að skilja þetta fyrirbæri, en það skapar verðmæti fyrir „psoralen-fríar“ sítrónuhýðisútdrætti.  

Lækninganotkun sítrónuolíu

glerflaska með sítrónum á bak við hana


Notkun í ayurvedískri læknisfræði


Sítróna er talin verðmætasti ávöxturinn til að varðveita heilsu.[23] Hún er mikið notuð í ayurvedískri læknisfræði, hefðbundnu lækniskerfi Indlands. Hún er virt fyrir hreinsandi eiginleika sína. Þegar fylgt er ayurvedískum lífsstíl er mælt með að byrja daginn með glasi af sítrónuvatni. Þetta er talið örva meltingu og hreinsa líkamann. Sítróna er einnig notuð til að örva taugakerfið og ónæmiskerfið. Hún hefur sýklaeyðandi eiginleika sem berjast gegn veirum, smitsjúkdómum, eyrnabólgu og húðbólgu. Sítrónuolía er notuð á húð til að stjórna olíumikilli húð.[24]  


Notkun í kínverskri læknisfræði

Sítróna er talin kælandi fæða í hefðbundinni kínverskri læknisfræði, samræmir maga og styður meltingu. Þó sítróna sé mjög súr sem ávöxtur, er hún talin basísk fyrir líkamann, sem er afar mikilvægt fyrir samfélag sem borðar kjötríkan mat.[25] Telja má að sítróna endurnýji vökva, þar með talið vökvatap líkamans og ófullnægðan þorsta. Eins og í ayurvedískri læknisfræði er hún talin hreinsandi fyrir lifur, nýru, blóð, munn og þvagveg.[26]


Alzheimer-sjúkdómur
Hesperidín, lífrænn flórafínn sem finnst í olíu sítrónuhýðisins, hefur sýnt sig að hjálpa til við að bæta vitsmunalega skerðingu sem á sér stað við Alzheimer-sjúkdóm. Sérstaklega veldur álklóríð oxunarálagi í heilanum, sem hefur áhrif á minni og nám. Þegar hesperidín er gefið dýrum samtímis álklóríði kemur það í veg fyrir að vitsmunaleg skerðing eigi sér stað.[27]Sítrónuberki ilmolíur notaðar í ilmeðferð sýndu einnig fram á gagnsemi við að bæta hugræna starfsemi hjá fólki með Alzheimer-sjúkdóm.[28]  


Streita og kvíði

Sítrónuilmolíur hjálpuðu til við að lækka streituhormónið kortisól í tilraun með rottum.[29] Lyktun sítrónuilmolíu getur hækkað hjartsláttartíðni og bætt andlega og líkamlega frammistöðu í prófum.[30]Sítrónuilmur eykur almenna vellíðan. Fólk sem var útsett fyrir sítrónuilmi greindi frá færri líkamlegum einkennum en þegar það lyktaði af óþægilegum ilm.[31]Fólk sem lyktaði af sítrónuilmolíum upplifði meiri bætingu á skapi en þeir sem voru útsettir fyrir ilm af lavender,[32] sem hafði hlutlaust áhrif.  


Þyngdartap
Rannsókn á 84 fyrir tíðahvörf konum sem annað hvort gerðu engar breytingar, fylgdu mjög lákaloríudiet með lyfleysudrykk eða mjög lákaloríudiet með sítrónusafa í 7 daga sýndi lofandi niðurstöður varðandi ávinning sítrónusafa. Auk þyngdartaps, sem varð í sítrónu- og lyfleysuhópnum, sá sítrónuhópurinn minnkun á bólgumörkum og engin tap á mikilvægum blóðgildum eins og hemóglóbíni eða hematókrít.[33] Sterkari áhrif gætu sést við notkun fjölfenóla úr berkinum.[34] Rannsókn á of þungum músum um getu þessara fjölfenóla til að brjóta niður fituvef sýndi að þyngdaraukning var milduð þegar mýs fengu hesperidin úr sítrónuberki samhliða fitumiklu fæði.[35] Fleiri klínískar rannsóknir eru nauðsynlegar til að sjá hvort þessi áhrif eigi einnig við um menn.  


Forvarnir og meðferð krabbameins

Andoxunarefni hafa lengi verið þekkt fyrir áhrif sín á krabbamein, en lofandi rannsóknir eru í gangi á áhrifum ákveðinna efna úr sítrónuberki. Eitt af flavonoíðum sítrónu, eriocitrin, hefur sýnt sig að valda frumudauða, eða apoptosis, í frumum með akút myelomonocytískri hvítblæði.[36] Limonene er rannsakað fyrir áhrif sín á brjóstakrabbamein. Sýnt hefur verið fram á að þetta ríkulega efni safnist vel fyrir í brjóstvef og gæti haft hlutverk í að hægja á framvindu brjóstæxla.[37] Sem viðbótarmeðferð, þegar gefin samhliða krabbameinslyfjameðferð, vernduðu fjölfenól úr sítrónudrögum líffæri gegn eituráhrifum krabbameinslyfjanna.[38]  


Munnheilsa
Olía unnin úr börkum sítróna inniheldur nokkur efni, þar á meðal 8-geranyloxypsolaren, 5-geranyloxypsolaren og 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin sem eru sýklaeyðandi. Þessi efni, sem eru ríkuleg í sítrónuberki ilmolíu, drepa örverur eins og streptococcus mutans, sem valda tannskemmdum og tannholdsbólgu.[39]  


Hefðbundnar notkunarleiðir
Sýklaeyðandi áhrif og jákvæð áhrif á skap stuðla að vinsældum sítrónu í hreinsivörum. Sítróna er samdráttarlyf, sem þýðir að hún herðir vef. Þetta hjálpar til við að draga úr sársauka í bólgnum hálsi þegar sítróna er drukkin í volgu vatni. 


Spurningar um sítrónuolíu
sítrónur fyrir aftan glerflösku


Hvað ætti ég að leita að í sítrónuolíu? Kalt pressaðar sítrónuilmolíur geta verið björt grænar til gulrar og ættu að lykta sterkt af sítrónum. Ef þær hafa verið eimaðar eru þær tærar og geta verið þynnri, þar sem allar vax- og leifar hafa verið fjarlægðar í vinnsluferlinu.  


Er öruggt að nota sítrónuolíu á börn? Ekki nota sítrónuolíu á húð barna ef þau munu vera í sól. Hún getur aukið hættu á sólbruna eða húðkrabbameini. Þó að aðrir meðlimir sítrusfjölskyldunnar séu algengir ofnæmisvaldar, þá er sítróna venjulega ekki það, en fylgstu alltaf með ertingu þegar þú notar ilmolíur á húð. Ofnæmi getur þróast með tímanum. Gefðu aldrei barni ilmolíu innvortis. Dropi af ilmolíu, blandaður í burðarolíu og borinn á fætur, nægir til að fá ávinning fyrir barn.  


Get ég eldað með sítrónuolíu? Alveg örugglega! Sítrónuþykkni er vinsælt hráefni í bakstursuppskriftum og næringarríkur börkurinn er oft rifinn sem börkur í matargerð. Sítrónuolía er vinsæl í salatsósum og hægt er að búa hana til heima[40] til að tryggja ferskleika. Lækningaeiginleikar og ilmur sítrónunnar brotna niður við hita.  


Hversu lengi geymist sítrónuolía? Sítrónuolía hefur stutt geymsluþol. Hún ætti að vera geymd í dökku flösku á köldum og dimmum stað því ljós og hiti oxast sítrónuolíuna. Jafnvel við bestu aðstæður endist hún aðeins í um 8-10 mánuði. Fylgstu með skýjun eða óþægilegum lykt sem merki um að hún hafi skemmst.  

Get ég notað það á húðina mína? Sítrónuolía er mjög þurrkandi, svo hún er ekki mælt með að nota á exem eða aðrar þurrar húðsjúkdóma. Vegna þessa er hún frábær til að meðhöndla olíumikla húð. Mundu að sítrónuolía á húð í sól er ljósnæm (getur aukið hættu á sólbruna) og ljósæxlisvaldandi (getur aukið hættu á húðkrabbameini). Þetta gerist ekki ef notað er sápu með sítrónuolíu, þar sem sápan brýtur niður olíuna og skilur ekki eftir fúrókúmarín á húðinni. Vertu varkár með kalt pressaða sítrónuolíu í vörum sem notaðar eru á húð sem verður fyrir sól. 

Varúð og atriði til athugunar

Vertu varkár með sítrónuolíu á húðinni. Hún gerir húðina ljósnæma og getur aukið hættu á sólbruna eða húðkrabbameini. Þó að sítrónusafi sé öruggur til neyslu, skal aldrei taka ilmolíur innvortis. Litlar skammtar í burðarolíu á húð eða í matargerð eru frábær leið til að njóta ávinnings næringarríks sítrónuhýðis.  

Heimildir:

[1] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Botanical_Medicine.aspx

[2] ‪Bill T. Arnold, H. G. M. Williamson. ‪Orðabók Gamla testamentisins: Söguleg rit. InterVarsity Press, 26. september 2011. bls. 33

[3] http://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Burial/

[4] https://www.wdl.org/en/item/10632/

[5] American Society for Horticultural Science. „Erfðafræðilegur uppruni ræktaðra sítrusávexta staðfestur: Rannsakendur finna vísbendingar um uppruna appelsínu, lime, sítrónu, greipaldins og annarra sítrusafbrigða.“ ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26. janúar 2011. 

[6] Morton, J. 1987. Sítróna. bls. 160–168. Í: Ávextir heitra svæða. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.

[7] Morton, J. 1987. Sítróna. bls. 160–168. Í: Ávextir heitra svæða. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/lemon.html#Description

[8] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Lemon

[9] http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100778147

[10] Salvo A, o.fl. „Interdonato sítróna frá Nizza di Sicilia (Ítalía): efnafræðileg samsetning hexanútdráttar af sítrónuhýði og vefjafræðileg rannsókn.“ Nat Prod Res. 9. desember 2015:1-9. [Epub fyrir prentun] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649795

[11] Settanni L, o.fl. „Árstíðabundnar breytingar á sýklalyfjaáhrifum og efnafræðilegri samsetningu ilmolía úr þremur afbrigðum Citrus limon L. Burm.“ Nat Prod Res. 2014;28(6):383-91. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2013.871544. Epub 2014 janúar 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24443967

[12] Hamdan D, o.fl. „Efnafræðileg samsetning ilmolía tveggja sítrusafbrigða og líffræðilegar virkni þeirra.“ Pharmazie. Febrúar 2010;65(2):141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20225661

[13] http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1938/2

[14] http://www.jbtfoodtech.com/utils/~/media/JBT%20FoodTech/Files/Citrus/WhitePapers/Oil%20Recovery%20Manual.ashx

[15] http://www.drugs.com/npp/lemon.html#ref13

[16] Ashutosh Kar. Pharmacognosy And Pharmacobiotechnology. New Age International. 2003. bls. 284.

[17] http://www.jbtfoodtech.com/utils/~/media/JBT%20FoodTech/Files/Citrus/WhitePapers/Oil%20Recovery%20Manual.ashx

[18] https://www.naha.org/explore-aromatherapy/about-aromatherapy/how-are-essential-oils-extracted/

[19] https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/lemonlimeoils_508.pdf

[20] Black HS, o.fl. „Ljósakrabbameinsmyndun: yfirlit.“ J Photochem Photobiol B. Ágúst 1997;40(1):29-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9301042

[21] Wu S, o.fl. „Sítrusneysla og áhætta á húðkrabbameini (malignant melanoma). J Clin Oncol. 10. ágúst 2015;33(23):2500-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.57.4111. Epub 2015 júní 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26124488

[22] Wu S, o.fl. „Neikvæð áhrif á húð vegna neyslu sítrusávöxtum og áhætta á basalfrumukrabbameini og flöguþekjukrabbameini.“ Carcinogenesis. Október 2015;36(10):1162-8. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgv109. Epub 2015 júlí 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26224304

[23] https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/l/lemon-16.html

[24] Miller L, Miller B. Ayurveda og ilmolíur: Jörðin - nauðsynleg leiðarvísir að fornum visku og nútíma lækningu. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1998. bls. 266.

[25] Pitchford, Paul. Lækning með heilum mat: Asískar hefðir og nútíma næring. North Atlantic Books. Berkeley, CA. 1993, bls. 532.

[26] http://www.askdrmao.com/natural-health-dictionary/lemon/

[27] Thenmozhi JA. „Hesperidín bætir vitræn skerðingu, oxunarálag og frumudauða í rottum með Alzheimer-sjúkdóm vegna áhrifa á áli klóríðNutritional Neuroscience 2016 feb 15. [Epub fyrir prentun] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878879

[28] JIMBO, D., KIMURA, Y., TANIGUCHI, M., INOUE, M. og URAKAMI, K. (2009), Áhrif ilmolíumeðferðar á sjúklinga með Alzheimer-sjúkdóm. Psychogeriatrics, 9: 173–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00299.x

[29] Ceccarelli I, Lariviere WR, Fiorenzani P, Sacerdote P, Aloisi AM. „Áhrif langtíma útsetningar fyrir sítrónu ilmolíu á hegðun, hormón og taugafræðilega þætti hjá karl- og kvenrottum.“ Brain Res. 2004 mar 19;1001(1-2):78-86.

[30] Jellinek JS. Sálfræðileg áhrif lyktar og verkferlar þeirra. Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1997;112:61–71.

[31] Knasko SC. Áhrif umhverfislyktar á sköpunargáfu, skap og skynjaða heilsu. Chem Senses. 1992;17:27–35. [

[32] Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Graham JE, Malarkey WB, Porter K, Lemeshow S, Glaser R. „Lyktarhrif á skap og sjálfvirka, innkirtla- og ónæmiskerfið.“ Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 apríl;33(3):328-39.

[33] Kim MJ, o.fl. „Sítrónuhreinsunarmataræði dró úr líkamsfitu, insúlínviðnámi og serum hs-CRP stigi án blóðfræðilegra breytinga hjá yfirþyngdum kóreskum konum.“ Nutr Res. 2015 maí;35(5):409-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.001. Epub 2015 apr 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25912765

[34] Fitulækkandi áhrif hesperetín efnaskipta í rottum sem fengu hátt kólesteról mataræði. Kim HK, Jeong TS, Lee MK, Park YB, Choi MS Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Jan; 327(1-2):129-37.

[35] Fukuchi, Yoshiko o.fl. „Sítrónupólýfenól draga úr offitu vegna mataræðis með því að auka mRNA stig ensíma sem taka þátt í β-oxun í hvítu fituvef músar.“ Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 43.3 (2008): 201–209. PMC. Vefur. 9. apríl 2016.

[36] Ogata S, Miyake Y, Yamamoto K, Okumura K, Taguchi H. Apoptósa framkölluð af flavónóíði úr sítrónuávöxtum (Citrus limon BURM. f.) og efnaskiptum hennar í HL-60 frumum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 64(5):1075-1078.

[37] Miller, Jessica A. o.fl. „Útbreiðsla og lífvirkni limonens í brjóstvef kvenna með snemma stig krabbameins í brjóstum.“ Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 6.6 (2013): 577–584. PMC. Vefur. 9. apríl 2016.

[38] Zaletok SP, o.fl. „Grænt te, rauðvín og sítrónuútdrættir draga úr tilraunakrabbameinsvexti og eituráhrifum krabbameinslyfja.“ Exp Oncol. 2015 des;37(4):262-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26710838

[39] Miyake, Yoshiaki, og Masanori Hiramitsu. „Einangrun og útdráttur á sýklaeyðandi efnum gegn munnsýklum úr sítrónuhýði.“ Journal of food science and technology 48.5 (2011): 635–639. PMC. Vefur. 9. apríl 2016.

[40] http://www.mommypotamus.com/uses-for-lemon-oil-and-peel/  

Ritað af Dr. Keri Layton, náttúrulækningar  

Dr. Layton fæddist og ólst upp í Rhode Island. Hún lauk grunnnámi í taugavísindum og hegðun frá Mount Holyoke College árið 1999. Eftir háskóla vann hún í Boston sem rannsóknaraðstoðarmaður við Mannkynsgenamannverkefnið og síðar sem líffræðikennari í framhaldsskóla. Margir nemendanna sem hún vann með glímdu við námsörðugleika og ADHD. Þessi reynsla styrkti löngun hennar til að verða náttúrulækningalæknir. Ástríða Dr. Layton er að sjá náttúrulækningalækna fullkomlega samþætta í heilbrigðiskerfið. Hún er staðráðin í að sjá náttúrulækningalækna fá rétt til að stunda alla þá þjálfun sem þeir hafa fengið í öllum ríkjum. Hún hefur setið í fulltrúadeild American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. Hún sat í stjórn RIANP sem ritari og forseti til ársins 2014 og kom Rhode Island nær því að veita leyfi til að stunda náttúrulækningar en nokkru sinni fyrr. Nú býr hún í Massachusetts og er meðlimur í Massachusetts Society of Naturopathic Doctors. Dr. Layton býr nú í Massachusetts með eiginmanni sínum og tveimur börnum og vinnur með meðlimum samfélags síns í New England að því að bæta heilsu og vellíðan þeirra. https://kerilayton.com/

Grein endurskoðuð af Sarah Ingram

Sarah Ingram er NAHA vottaður ilmolíufræðingur og vottaður ráðgjafi í náttúrulegri heilsu með margra ára reynslu í ilmolíuiðnaðinum og náttúrulegri heilsu. Hún er einnig lífrænn bóndi og rekur með góðum árangri eigið fyrirtæki - eSCENTials Aroma í Woodstock, Ill. - þar sem hún býr til, formúlur, hönnun, framleiðir, markaðssetur og selur vandlega unnar, algerlega náttúrulegar ilmolíuvörur. Hafðu samband við hana í síma 847-975-2030 eða með tölvupósti: sarbhr2@hotmail.com. Tengill á Etsy búð: https://www.etsy.com/shop/eSCENTialsAroma. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sarah-ingram-96195a66

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Frequently asked questions

Why is lemon oil so effective for acne treatment?

Lemon oil fights acne with potent antibacterial action that regulates sebum and clears blemishes.

Can lemon oil lighten post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and scars?

Yes, regular lemon oil use evens skin tone and fades dark acne scars effectively.

What precautions prevent lemon oil phototoxicity risks?

Use lemon oil strictly at night; apply broad-spectrum SPF mandatory during daytime exposure.

Is lemon oil useful beyond skincare for household cleaning?

Lemon oil serves as an excellent natural disinfectant for household surfaces and tools.

How to test for citrus allergies before using lemon oil?

Perform a 24-hour patch test on your inner forearm before applying lemon oil to face.

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Whitening Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth: Protecting Your Smile During Whitening Treatments

A bright smile is one of the most common cosmetic goals in...

Fluoride vs Fluoride-Free Toothpaste: What’s the Difference?
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Fluoride vs Fluoride-Free Toothpaste: What’s the Difference?

Choosing the right toothpaste is an important part of maintaining a healthy...

Tooth Oil vs Toothpaste: Which Is Better for Sensitive Teeth?
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Tooth Oil vs Toothpaste: Which Is Better for Sensitive Teeth?

Traditional toothpaste has long been the standard for maintaining oral hygiene. However,...

Why Are My Teeth Sensitive? Understanding the Causes of Tooth Sensitivity
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Why Are My Teeth Sensitive? Understanding the Causes of Tooth Sensitivity

If you have ever felt a sudden jolt of pain while drinking...

How to Strengthen Tooth Enamel Naturally
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
How to Strengthen Tooth Enamel Naturally

Tooth enamel is the strongest substance in the human body. However, despite...

The Ultimate Guide to Toothpaste: Types, Ingredients, and How to Choose the Best Toothpaste
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
The Ultimate Guide to Toothpaste: Types, Ingredients, and How to Choose the Best Toothpaste

Toothpaste is one of the most widely used tools in daily hygiene...

Tonsil Stones Progression And Dangers
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Tonsil Stones Progression And Dangers

Tonsil stones usually are not serious, but they do often accompany tonsillitis...

Types, Signs And Symptoms Of Gum Boils
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Types, Signs And Symptoms Of Gum Boils

Gum boils are a generic term that refers to various types of...

Easy Treatments For Dry Mouth
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Easy Treatments For Dry Mouth

Reviewed By Ray Spotts A very common issue associated with age, medication...

Are Bad Teeth Genetic? What You Need To Know About Your Family Tree And Your Oral Health
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Are Bad Teeth Genetic? What You Need To Know About Your Family Tree And Your Oral Health

Written By Jennifer Raskin / Reviewed By Ray SpottsDid Grandma lose her...

Can Swimming Hurt Your Teeth?
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Can Swimming Hurt Your Teeth?

There are things that can be done to reduce the effect of...

Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free
Skin Care
Jun 01, 2026
Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free

If you have been searching for a natural skin care routine that...

10 Best Natural Face Oils for Every Skin Type
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
10 Best Natural Face Oils for Every Skin Type

Navigating the world of facial oils can be overwhelming. With hundreds of...

Anti-Aging Skincare Without Chemicals: What Actually Works
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Anti-Aging Skincare Without Chemicals: What Actually Works

The quest for youthful, radiant skin doesn't have to involve a complex...

Parabens & Sulfates: Why They're Harmful and What to Use Instead
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Parabens & Sulfates: Why They're Harmful and What to Use Instead

Walking down the skincare aisle can feel like reading a chemistry textbook....

Natural Face Oil vs Moisturizer: Which Is Better for Dry Skin?
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Natural Face Oil vs Moisturizer: Which Is Better for Dry Skin?

If you have dry skin, you know the constant struggle to find...

Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free Guide
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free Guide

In an era of complex 10-step regimens and miracle-in-a-jar promises, the allure...

Gentle Skin Care That Nourishes Naturally & Promotes Radiant Balance
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care That Nourishes Naturally & Promotes Radiant Balance

Gentle Skin Care is more than a trend—it’s a philosophy rooted in...

Gentle Skin Care Enhanced with Hydration & Glass Skin Results
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care Enhanced with Hydration & Glass Skin Results

Gentle Skin Care is no longer just about keeping irritation away—it has...

Gentle Skin Care Solution for Sensitive & Delicate Complexions
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care Solution for Sensitive & Delicate Complexions

Gentle Skin Care is more than a beauty category—it’s a lifeline for...

Gentle Skin Care with Multi-Use Hydration & Toner Compatibility
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care with Multi-Use Hydration & Toner Compatibility

Gentle Skin Care isn’t just about avoiding irritation, it’s about choosing products...

Gentle Skin Care Rooted in Purity & Botanical Integrity
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care Rooted in Purity & Botanical Integrity

Gentle Skin Care is more than a category, it is a philosophy...

Natural Skin Care Routine for Hydration and Glowing Skin
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Natural Skin Care Routine for Hydration and Glowing Skin

Dry, dull skin rarely needs more products. It needs better ones. A...

Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Pure Botanical Body Oil
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Pure Botanical Body Oil

A healthy Skin Care Routine should do more than clean and moisturize...

Skin Care Routine for Acne Prone and Sensitive Skin Relief
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine for Acne Prone and Sensitive Skin Relief

A well designed Skin Care Routine should bring harmony, comfort, and confidence...

Skin Care Routine That Preps, Protects and Perfects the Skin Barrier
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine That Preps, Protects and Perfects the Skin Barrier

A great Skin Care Routine goes beyond cleansing and moisturizing. It strengthens...

Skin Care Routine for Clear Skin: A Botanical Approach That Works
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine for Clear Skin: A Botanical Approach That Works

A consistent skin care routine for clear skin does more than remove...

The Best Natural Ingredients For Moisturized Hands
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
The Best Natural Ingredients For Moisturized Hands

There are plenty of natural strategies to combat dry skin.

Storax Or Styrax Balsam: What Is It?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Storax Or Styrax Balsam: What Is It?

Styrax balsam is the natural resin or build up that comes from...

What Is Sea Rocket – And How Is It Good For Your Skin?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Sea Rocket – And How Is It Good For Your Skin?

Sea rocket is a great element to add to your skincare regimen...

Sapote Oil: A Hair And Skin Must Have
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Sapote Oil: A Hair And Skin Must Have

Due to the high levels of vitamin A and C, as well...

The Balsam Of Peru
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
The Balsam Of Peru

Balsam of Peru is extracted from a tree called myroxlon balsamum. The...

Tucuma Butter For Hair And Body Care
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Tucuma Butter For Hair And Body Care

Tucuma butter is a pH balanced, completely natural and organic butter that...

Why Rapeseed Oil Is Essential For Skin
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Why Rapeseed Oil Is Essential For Skin

Rapeseed oil has a tremendous nutritional composition that makes it perfect for...

Monoi Oil For Skin And Hair
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Monoi Oil For Skin And Hair

Monoi oil is incredibly beneficial for the skin and hair.

Top Benefits Of Kapok Seed Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Top Benefits Of Kapok Seed Oil

Here are some of the most common benefits associated with kapok seed...

Orange Peel Oil Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Orange Peel Oil Benefits

This is one of the reasons that orange peel oil is so...

Copaiba Essential Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Copaiba Essential Oil

Copaiba oil has been used for generations as a natural way to relieve...

What Is Croton Oil?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Croton Oil?

Croton oil is an oil that used to be used for stomach...

How Polyglutamic Acid Is Used In Skin Care And Why You Should Look For It
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
How Polyglutamic Acid Is Used In Skin Care And Why You Should Look For It

When you use polyglutamic acid, you’ll start noticing smoother skin that looks...

Is Yogurt Good for Skin? What the Ingredients Actually Do
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Is Yogurt Good for Skin? What the Ingredients Actually Do

Yogurt is well known as a healthy addition to your diet and...

Best Exfoliators For Your Face And Body
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Best Exfoliators For Your Face And Body

The modern-day array of face exfoliators allows you to find the perfect...

Understanding The Term ‘Noncomedogenic’: The Complete Guide to Pore-Safe Skincare
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Understanding The Term ‘Noncomedogenic’: The Complete Guide to Pore-Safe Skincare

Noncomedogenic is a term applied to cosmetic items when they prevent blocking...

Coenzyme Q10 Skin Benefits: A Must-Have In Your Skincare Regimen
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Coenzyme Q10 Skin Benefits: A Must-Have In Your Skincare Regimen

Written By Jennifer Raskin / Reviewed By Ray Spotts When you’re looking...

Idaho Tansy Essential Oil And Its Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Idaho Tansy Essential Oil And Its Benefits

Idaho tansy has positive effects on those who choose to use it...

Why Hickory Nut Oil Works
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Why Hickory Nut Oil Works

Hickory nuts are great at providing energy. These amazing, versatile nuts and their...

Key Benefits Of Egusi Seed Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Key Benefits Of Egusi Seed Oil

There are numerous benefits associated with these small white seeds. Here are...

Cupuacu Butter’s Skin Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Cupuacu Butter’s Skin Benefits

Written By Abigail Wise / Reviewed By Ray Spotts Cupuacu is a...

What Is Mowrah Butter?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Mowrah Butter?

There are a number of reasons why mowrah butter is beneficial to...

7 Ways Bentonite Clay Benefits Your Skin
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
7 Ways Bentonite Clay Benefits Your Skin

Whether you realize it or not, your body is exposed to harmful...

Cistus Essential Oil AKA Rock Rose
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Cistus Essential Oil AKA Rock Rose

Cistus oil is also known as rock rose oil and it is...

The Benefits Of Cashew Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
The Benefits Of Cashew Oil

The oil that is derived from the cashew nut is cold pressed...

Why Cohune Oil Is The Next Big Thing
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Why Cohune Oil Is The Next Big Thing

Cohune oil is also great for the skin, and due to its...

What Is Sfumatura?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Sfumatura?

The way in which the sfumatura process is carried out is fascinating,...

Tamanu Oil Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Tamanu Oil Benefits

Tamanu oil provides many skincare benefits

What Are The Health Benefits Of Salt
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Are The Health Benefits Of Salt

Salt has always gotten a bad reputation due to its high sodium...

Orange Oil Preparation
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Orange Oil Preparation

Bitter orange oils are obtained via cold pressing. Cold pressed means that...

Key Benefits Of Hazelnut Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Key Benefits Of Hazelnut Oil

There are many ways that hazelnut oil can be used to improve...

What Is Myrtol Standardized?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Myrtol Standardized?

Studies show that myrtol standardized is comprised of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory aspects.

Benefits Of Cotton Seed Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Benefits Of Cotton Seed Oil

Cotton seed oil is a type of vegetable oil that is derived...

Does Celery Juice Clear Up Skin? What You Should Know
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Does Celery Juice Clear Up Skin? What You Should Know

Here is some insight into how celery juice can benefit your skin,...

How to Use Pain Relief Oil: Foot, Back & Muscle Application Guide
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
How to Use Pain Relief Oil: Foot, Back & Muscle Application Guide

You've invested in a high-quality natural pain relief oil — but are...

5 Best Essential Oils for Joint Pain (Backed by Research)
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
5 Best Essential Oils for Joint Pain (Backed by Research)

Joint pain — whether from arthritis, overuse, or inflammation — can significantly...

Natural Pain Relief Oil vs Ibuprofen: Pros, Cons & What Works
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
Natural Pain Relief Oil vs Ibuprofen: Pros, Cons & What Works

In the ongoing quest for effective pain management, the debate between natural...

How to Relieve Sore Muscles Naturally After Exercise
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
How to Relieve Sore Muscles Naturally After Exercise

A deep ache that sets in a day after intense exercise is...

Natural Muscle Pain Relief: The Complete Drug-Free Strategy Guide
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
Natural Muscle Pain Relief: The Complete Drug-Free Strategy Guide

Natural muscle pain relief attracts millions of searches every month, and for...

Skin Care Routine for Comfort, Hydration and Foot Recovery
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine for Comfort, Hydration and Foot Recovery

Most people think of a Skin Care Routine as something meant only...

Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Bioelectric Mapping for Aching Feet
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Bioelectric Mapping for Aching Feet

A Skin Care Routine is often associated with the face, yet the...

Skin Care Routine That Revives Feet After Injury and Stress
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine That Revives Feet After Injury and Stress

A complete Skin Care Routine extends far beyond the https://nz.loccitane.com/how-to-care-for-your-feetface. The skin...

Skin Care Routine with Natural Hydration and Foot Massage Benefits
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine with Natural Hydration and Foot Massage Benefits

Feet absorb more daily stress than almost any other part of the...

Skin Care Routine Rooted in Natural Recovery and Lasting Comfort
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine Rooted in Natural Recovery and Lasting Comfort

A complete Skin Care Routine should nourish more than your complexion. It...

Muscle Pain Relief That Soothes, Restores and Rejuvenates Naturally
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief That Soothes, Restores and Rejuvenates Naturally

Muscle soreness is something almost everyone experiences at some point. Whether it...

Muscle Pain Relief Powered by Therapeutic Essential Oils
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief Powered by Therapeutic Essential Oils

Muscle discomfort can interrupt your day, slow your movement and take a...

Muscle Pain Relief for Athletes, Workers and Everyday Recovery
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief for Athletes, Workers and Everyday Recovery

Muscle soreness can impact anyone, from high performing athletes and active workers...

Muscle Pain Relief That Enhances Massage and Joint Mobility
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief That Enhances Massage and Joint Mobility

Muscle soreness and joint stiffness can affect anyone, whether you are active,...

Muscle Pain Relief Rooted in Nature and Backed by Wellness Science
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief Rooted in Nature and Backed by Wellness Science

Muscle soreness, tension and fatigue can affect anyone regardless of age or...

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