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Ólann Líomóide

ola líomóide


Maidir le hOlaí Bitheolaíocha

Is féidir úsáid olaí bitheolaíocha a rianú siar na mílte bliain, le fréamhacha i gcultúir chomh éagsúil leis na Sumerians ársa, na Síneach agus Impireacht na Róimhe.[1] Déantar olaí bitheolaíocha as an bplanda iomlán, ag coimeád a boladh, príomh-chomhábhair ghníomhacha, agus croílár an phlanda. Tá olaí bitheolaíocha déanta as plandaí éagsúla á n-úsáid ar fud na staire chun na déithe a onóir,[2] ag ullmhú coirp do aiséirí,[3] ag coimeád áilleacht, ag cabhrú le sláinteachas agus ag cóireáil réimse leathan riochtaí leighis. Tá treoracha maidir le hullmhú agus úsáid plandaí mar leigheas le fáil i saothair Dioscorides, De materia medica[4], siar sa chéad chéad. Ceadaigh teicneolaíocht nua-aimseartha na codanna gníomhacha de phlandaí a aithint agus a staidéar a dhéanamh orthu maidir lena ról i sláinte agus a n-úsáid i gcoinne riochtaí leighis éagsúla. Tá luach na n-olaí bitheolaíocha cruthaithe thar am.  

Airíonna an Líomóide

Ón India go dtí an Iodáil, baintear tábhacht le crainn citris ar gach mór-roinn agus téann sí ó thábla an chistin go dtí an chabinet leighis. Fásadh na crainn citris is sine san Áise agus cruthaíodh an líomóid nua-aimseartha trí shraith hibridiúchán idir citron agus oráiste géar[5], b’fhéidir san India.[6] Bhí ag an 1ú chéad AD, bhí líomóidí tagtha go hIodáil agus bhí siad le feiceáil i moasaicí Rómhánacha i dTuaisceart na hAfraice. Bhí cur síos ar a gcultúr i dtriail Araibis Qustus al-Rumi ar fheirmeoireacht sa 10ú chéad, agus thaifead na Cantonese úsáidí an líomóide sa 12ú chéad. Scríobh an dochtúir pearsanta do cheannaire Moslamach Saladin triail ar an líomóid ag deireadh an 12ú chéad. In ainneoin an leasainm “limeys” a fuair siad, d’úsáid an t-aerfhórsa Briotanach líomóidí milis, ní líomóidí géara, chun scurvy a chosc ar muir sa 18ú chéad[7] Thug Christopher Columbus na chéad síolta líomóide go Hispaniola i 1493, agus thug eachtraithe Spáinneacha iad go St. Augustine, Florida. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an chuid is mó den soláthar líomóide ar fud an domhain á fhás san Iodáil agus i gCalifornia.[8]  

Cineálacha Líomóide

líomóid

Rugadh an líomóid mar hibrid, agus leanann sí ar aghaidh ag forbairt. Is é an líomóid Meyer an ceann is dóichí go gceannóidh tú i siopa grósaera, agus tá cáil uirthi as a ilúsáidteacht sa chócaireacht.[9] Tá thart ar 17 éagsúlacht líomóide aitheanta, agus is é Citrus Limon an t-ainm Laidineach atá orthu. Cé nach léiríonn mórán den litríocht faoi úsáidí líomóide an speiceas a úsáidtear, tá suim ag méadú i gcothú glan agus bunaidh áirithe speiceas líomóide,[10] na coinníollacha a dhéanann an ola luachmhar a fhaightear sa phróiseas eisfheartha níos fearr[11] agus cé na cinn is láidre ó thaobh leighis de.[12] 


Cothaithigh

Tógtar géire an líomóide i dáileoga beaga, ach tá an dáileog bheag sin lán le cothaithigh. Íseal i gcailrí, tá an líomóid dhá oiread chomh saibhir i Vitimín C ná oráistí agus tá méid an-ard potaisiam inti. Tá bioflavonoidí agus frithocsaídeoirí cosúil le beta-cryptoxanthin agus lutein agus zeaxanthin i líomóidí freisin. Tá Vitimíní A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, Folate agus Cailciam go léir i láthair freisin.[13]

Tá luach cothaitheach ag craiceann an líomóide freisin. Tá 9.6mg potaisiam, 8mg cailciam, 7.7mg Vitimín C agus 0.6g snáithín i mbabhla amháin den chraiceann. Tá maignéisiam, fosfar, stearóil plandaí agus aigéid shailleacha riachtanacha sa chraiceann freisin. Tá sé luachmhar go háirithe dá chuid flavonoidí, a bhfuil airíonna láidre frithocsaídeacha acu.  

Ullmhúchán Ola Líomóide

Tógtar na h-olaí riachtanacha ón gcraiceann buí geal den líomóid. Tugtar “flavedo” ar an gcraiceann seachtrach seo, agus tá sé clúdaithe le hailt bheaga. Tá braon amháin d’ola riachtanach i ngach ail. Chun an ola orgánach a bhaint, caithfear na hailt sa chraiceann a bhriseadh go fisiciúil.[14] Is iad na príomh-olaí intuaslagtha i gcraiceann líomóide ná limonene, alfa-terpinene, alfa-pinene.[15], agus is iad na príomh-pholafainéilí i gcraiceann líomóide ná eriocitrin, hesperidin, narirutin, agus diosmin.  

Expression nó Brú Fuar

Tagraíonn Expression don phróiseas a bhaineann le craiceann líomóide a bhriseadh síos go mall faoi bhrú meicniúil chun na h-olaí a scaoileadh ó na hailt sa chraiceann. Úsáideann an próiseas seo Ecuelle a piquer, nó feiste atá deartha chun ola a bhaint as craiceann torthaí. Thosaigh sé sa Fhrainc mar bhabhla le snáitheanna chun craiceann an torthaí a phionósú, agus feadán chun na h-olaí scaoilte a bhailiú. Tá sé nuashonraithe chun cleachtais thráchtála a oiriúnú, ach úsáideann sé na prionsabail chéanna maidir le piocadh agus corraíl an chraiceann.[16]

Ciallaíonn brú fuar go ndearnadh an ola a bhrú ag teocht íseal. Coinníonn an teocht íseal an ola intuaslagtha, a sholáthraíonn boladh saibhir an phlanda. Beidh dath na h-ola a tháirgtear ó ghlas smaragd domhain go buí, ag brath ar cé chomh aibí agus a bhí an planda agus cén éagsúlacht líomóide a úsáideadh. Má tá an ola soiléir, is dócha gur úsáidteadh teas sa phróiseas, cé go bhféadfadh cuma scamallach a bheith mar thoradh ar gheirmeacha nó ar reamhchruaiteacht na bhfáinní ó phróiseáil.[17]

Dí-uisceadh

Ciallaíonn dí-uisceadh go gcuirtear planda i dteagmháil le huisce nó le gaile chun ábhar an phlanda a bhriseadh síos agus an ola riachtanach a scaoileadh saor. Fuarítear agus comhbhrúitear na h-olaí chun iad a bhailiú.[18] Úsáidtear dí-uisceadh chun ola a bhaint as craiceann líomóide, cé nach bhfuil an dath saibhir agus boladh na gcraiceann líomóide úr sa ola a fhaightear. B’fhéidir gurb é an boladh níos éadroime seo an spreagadh don dí-uisceadh gaile, ach tá dhá bhuntáiste eile aige.

Ní bheidh ola craiceann líomóide a dhéantar trí dhistilliú gal iarmhar seileach a bheadh i ola brúite fuar. Déanann sé seo níos lú dóchúil go ndéanfaidh siad doirteadh ar scagairí ola, go ndéanfaidh siad stain ar fhabraic agus, ós rud é go bhfuil siad níos lú gníomhach go bitheolaíoch, síneann sé saol na sraithe. Toradh eile an dhistillithe gal is ea ola a chruthú atá “saor ó psoralen”, nó nach bhfuil furocumairíní inti. Tá furocumairíní aimsithe mar fhótacarcinogéineacha. Nuair a nochtar na comhdhúile seo don solas, is féidir leo athruithe géiniteacha a dhéanamh i gcealla a fhágann ailse. Rinneadh an caidreamh seo idir úsáid shúchán craiceann líomóide a bhfuil furocumairíní iontu agus ailse craicinn a iniúchadh den chéad uair in ola líomóide mar iarratas áitiúil, mar shampla lotnaidí, i staidéir ainmhithe.[19]

Níl an chaoi a dtarlaíonn an fhótacarcinogenesis seo simplí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé deacair a fháil amach an bhfuil gach úsáid ola líomóide ina fhachtóir riosca le haghaidh ailse craicinn.[20] Tá staidéir dhaonna níos déanaí tar éis méadú a fháil ar incidence melanoma,[21] carcinoma cealla bunúsacha agus carcinoma cealla cearnacha i ndaoine a itheann níos mó torthaí citris, cé go raibh na staidéir seo dírithe ar fhuarcumaróin ó oráistí agus grapefruit,[22] ní líomóidí go sonrach. Tá tuilleadh staidéir ag teastáil chun an feiniméan seo a thuiscint, ach cruthaíonn sé luach do shúchán craiceann líomóide “saor ó psoralen”.  

Úsáidí Leighis do Ola Líomóide

buidéal gloine le líomóidí taobh thiar de


Úsáidí i Leigheas Ayurvedic


Meastar gurb é an líomóid an toradh is luachmhaire ar fad chun sláinte a chaomhnú.[23] Úsáidtear go forleathan í i Leigheas Ayurvedic, córas leighis traidisiúnta na hIndia. Tá meas mór aici dá hairíonna glantacha. Nuair a leanann duine stíl mhaireachtála Ayurvedic, moltar an lá a thosú le gloine uisce líomóide. Creidtear go spreagann sé seo díleá agus go glanann sé an corp. Úsáidtear líomóid freisin chun an córas néarógach agus an córas imdhíonachta a spreagadh. Úsáidtear a hairíonna frithmhiocróbach chun troid i gcoinne víris, galair ionfhabhtacha, ionfhabhtuithe cluaise agus ceallúlóis. Bainistíonn ola líomóide craiceann olaigh go háitiúil.[24]  


Úsáidí i Leigheas Síneach

Meastar go bhfuil líomóid ina bhia fuaraithe i Leigheas Traidisiúnta Síneach, ag cothromú an bholg agus ag tacú le díleá. Cé go bhfuil líomóid an-láidir aigéadach mar thorthaí, measadh go bhfuil sí alcaileach don chorp, rud atá an-luachmhar do shóiséal a itheann aiste bia saibhir i bhfeoil.[25] Creidtear go n-athlíonann líomóid leachtanna, lena n-áirítear leachtanna coirp atá ídithe agus tart nach bhfuil sásta. Mar atá i leigheas Ayurvedic, measadh go bhfuil sé glantach don ae, na duáin, an fhuil, an béal agus an t-ualach urinary.[26]


Galar Alzheimer
Tá sé aimsithe go gcabhraíonn Hesperidin, bioflavonoid a fhaightear i ola craiceann na líomóide, le feabhsú a dhéanamh ar na lochtanna cognaíocha a tharlaíonn i nGalar Alzheimer. Go sonrach, cruthaíonn clóiríd alúmanaim strus ocsaídiúcháin sa inchinn, ag cur isteach ar chuimhne agus ar fhoghlaim. Nuair a thugtar Hesperidin do ainmhithe ag an am céanna le clóiríd alúmanaim, chosc sé ar na lochtanna cognaíocha tarlú.[27]. Léiríodh go raibh ola riachtanach craiceann líomóin, a úsáidtear i réimse aromatherapy, tairbheach chun feidhm chognaíoch a fheabhsú i ndaoine le galar Alzheimer freisin.[28]  


Strus agus imní

Chabhraigh ola riachtanach líomóin le hormón struis cortisol a laghdú i dtrialach a rinneadh le lucha.[29] Is féidir le boladh ola riachtanach líomóin ráta croí a ardú agus feidhmíocht mheabhrach agus fhisiciúil a fheabhsú ar thástálacha[30]. Feabhsaíonn boladh líomóin an mothúchán foriomlán folláine. Thuairiscigh daoine a bhí nochtaithe do bholadh líomóin níos lú comharthaí fisiciúla ná mar a rinne siad nuair a shíl siad rud míthaitneamhach[31]. Chonaic daoine a shíl ola riachtanach líomóin feabhas níos mó ar a n-mothúchán ná daoine a bhí nochtaithe do bholadh lavandair,[32] a bhí neodrach ina éifeacht.  


Caillteanas meáchain
Thaispeáin trialach ar 84 bean réamh-mhéanmhéasta a tugadh orthu gan aon athruithe a dhéanamh, aiste bia an-íseal-calraí le deoch phlaicéabó nó aiste bia an-íseal-calraí le sú líomóin le haghaidh 7 lá torthaí geallta maidir le buntáistí sú líomóin. Chomh maith le meáchan a chailleadh, a tharla sna grúpaí líomóin agus phlaicéabó, chonaic an grúpa líomóin laghdú ar marcóirí athlastáin agus gan aon chaillteanas ar marcóirí tábhachtacha fola amhail hemaglóibin nó hematocrit.[33] D’fhéadfadh éifeacht níos láidre a bheith le feiceáil nuair a úsáidtear na poliféinil a fhaightear sa chraiceann.[34] Léirigh staidéar ar luchanna ramhra ar chumas na bpoliféinil seo saille a bhriseadh síos go raibh meáchan á rialú nuair a ghlac na lucha hesperidin ó chraiceann líomóin ag an am céanna le bia sailleach.[35] Tá tuilleadh trialacha cliniciúla ag teastáil chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil an éifeacht seo fíor do dhaoine freisin.  


Cosaint agus Cóireáil Ailse

Tá frithocsaídeoirí aitheanta le fada dá n-éifeacht ar ailse, ach tá taighde geallta á dhéanamh ar éifeacht comhpháirteanna ar leith de chraiceann líomóin. Léiríodh go gcúisíonn ceann de na flavonoidí i líomóin, eriocitrin, apoptosis, nó bás cealla, i gcealla leukemia myelomonocytic géar.[36] Tá limonene á iniúchadh dá éifeacht ar ailse chíche. Léiríodh go dtiomsaíonn an comhpháirt flúirseach seo go maith i bhfíochán chíche agus d’fhéadfadh sé ról a imirt i mhoilliú dul chun cinn tumaí chíche.[37] Mar chúram breise, nuair a thugtar i gcomhar le ceimiteiripe, chosain poliféinil ó eisceachtaí líomóin orgáin ó éifeachtaí tocsaineacha na ceimiteiripe.[38]  


Sláinte Bhéal
Tá ola a bhaint as craiceann líomóin ina bhfuil roinnt comhdhúile, lena n-áirítear 8-geranyloxypsolaren, 5-geranyloxypsolaren agus 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin a bhfuil airíonna frith-mhiocróbach acu. Maraíonn na comhdhúile seo, atá flúirseach in ola riachtanach craiceann líomóin, galar cosúil le streptococcus mutans, a chuireann caries agus periodontitis faoi deara.[39]  


Úsáidí Traidisiúnta
Cuireann an gníomh frith-mhiocróbach agus an tionchar dearfach ar mheon le tóir an líomóide i dtáirgí glantacháin. Tá an líomóid astringent, rud a chiallaíonn go ndéanann sí fíochán a dhaingniú. Cabhraíonn sé seo le pian scornach swollen a laghdú nuair a ólann tú líomóid i ndabhach te. 


Ceisteanna faoi Ola Líomóide
líomóidí taobh thiar de bhotella gloine


Céard ba chóir dom a lorg i ola líomóide? D’fhéadfadh olaí riachtanacha líomóide brúite fuar a bheith glasa geal go buí, agus ba chóir dóibh boladh láidir líomóide a bheith acu. Má tá siad dí-uisceáilte beidh siad soiléir agus b’fhéidir níos tanaí, toisc go mbeidh na parais agus na iarmhar go léir bainte amach sa phróiseas.  


An bhfuil sé sábháilte ola líomóide a úsáid ar pháistí? Ná húsáid ola líomóide ar chraiceann páistí má bheidh siad faoin ngrian. D’fhéadfadh sé a riosca dó gréine nó ailse craicinn a ardú. Cé go mbíonn baill eile den teaghlach citrus ina n-ailgéirí coitianta, ní bhíonn líomóid de ghnáth, ach bí i gcónaí ag faire amach le haghaidh iritisiú nuair a úsáidtear olaí riachtanacha ar an gcraiceann. Is féidir ailléirgí forbairt le himeacht ama. Ná tabhair aon ola riachtanach go hinmheánach do pháiste riamh. Tá braon ola riachtanach dilite i ola iompróra curtha ar na cosa sách chun na buntáistí a fháil do pháiste.  


An féidir liom cócaireacht a dhéanamh le hola líomóide? Go hiomlán! Tá eisíontas líomóide ina chomhábhar coitianta i dtrátaí bácála, agus is minic a grátáiltear an craiceann saibhir cothaithe isteach i zest sa chócaireacht. Tá ola líomóide coitianta i mbreisleá salad, agus is féidir í a dhéanamh sa bhaile[40] chun úrnás uasta a bhaint amach. Brisfidh na hairíonna leighis agus boladh an líomóide síos le teas.  


Cé chomh fada is atá saol na síolta ag ola líomóide? Tá saol gearr ag ola líomóide. Ba chóir í a stóráil i mbotella dhorcha i áit fhuar, dhorcha toisc go ndéanann solas agus teas ocsaídiú ar an líomóid. Fiú faoin na coinníollacha is fearr, ní mhaireann sí ach thart ar 8-10 mí. Féach amach le haghaidh scamall nó boladh míthaitneamhach mar chomharthaí go bhfuil sí truaillithe.  

An féidir liom é a úsáid ar mo chraiceann? Tá ola líomóide an-tirim, mar sin ní mholtar í a úsáid ar eacmas nó ar choinníollacha eile craiceann tirim. Mar gheall air seo, tá sé iontach chun craiceann ola a chóireáil. Cuimhnigh go bhfuil ola líomóide ar an gcraiceann faoin ngrian ag déanamh an-chomharthaí solais (d’fhéadfadh sé do riosca dó gréine a mhéadú) agus photacarcanaigineach (d’fhéadfadh sé an riosca ailse craicinn a mhéadú). Ní tharlóidh sé seo má úsáidtear gallúnach bolaithe le hola líomóide, toisc go mbriseann an gallúnach síos an ola agus nach bhfágann sé na furocoumarins ar an gcraiceann. Bí cúramach le hola líomóide brúite fuar i dtáirgí a úsáidtear ar chraiceann nochtaithe don ghrian. 

Rabhadh agus Machnaimh

Bí cúramach le hola líomóide ar an gcraiceann. Tá sé íogair don solas agus d’fhéadfadh sé an riosca dó gréine nó an riosca ailse craicinn a mhéadú. Cé go bhfuil sú líomóide sábháilte le hól, ná glac olaí riachtanacha go hinmheánach riamh. Is bealach iontach é dáileoga beaga i ola iompróra ar an gcraiceann nó sa chócaireacht chun tairbhe a bhaint as craiceann líomóide saibhir i cothaithigh.  

Tagairtí:

[1] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Botanical_Medicine.aspx

[2] ‪Bill T. Arnold, H. G. M. Williamson. ‪Foclóir an Sean-Tiomsaithe: Leabhair Stairiúla. InterVarsity Press, 26 Meán Fómhair, 2011. Lch. 33

[3] http://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Burial/

[4] https://www.wdl.org/en/item/10632/

[5] Cumann Mheiriceánach um Eolaíocht Ghortaíochta. "Bunús géiniteach citrus cultúrtha socraithe: Fuair taighdeoirí fianaise ar bhunús oráiste, líomóide, líomóid, grapefruit, agus speicis eile citrus." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 Eanáir 2011. 

[6] Morton, J. 1987. Líomóid. lch. 160–168. I: Torthaí aeráidí te. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.

[7] Morton, J. 1987. Líomóid. lch. 160–168. I: Torthaí aeráidí te. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/lemon.html#Description

[8] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Lemon

[9] http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100778147

[10] Salvo A, srl. “Lemon Interdonato ó Nizza di Sicilia (Iodáil): comhdhéanamh ceimiceach an eisfheartha heicséin de chraiceann líomóide agus iniúchadh histicéimiceach.” Nat Prod Res. 2015 Nollaig 9:1-9. [Foilsithe roimh chló] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649795

[11] Settanni L, srl. “Athruithe séasúracha ar ghníomhaíocht frithmhiocróbach agus ar chomhdhéanamh ceimiceach na n-olaí riachtanacha a bhaint as trí chineál Citrus limon L. Burm.” Nat Prod Res. 2014;28(6):383-91. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2013.871544. Foilsithe ar líne 2014 Eanáir 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24443967

[12] Hamdan D, srl. “Comhdhéanamh ceimiceach na n-olaí riachtanacha de dhá speiceas Citrus agus a ngníomhaíochtaí bitheolaíocha.” Pharmazie. 2010 Feabhra;65(2):141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20225661

[13] http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1938/2

[14] http://www.jbtfoodtech.com/utils/~/media/JBT%20FoodTech/Files/Citrus/WhitePapers/Oil%20Recovery%20Manual.ashx

[15] http://www.drugs.com/npp/lemon.html#ref13

[16] Ashutosh Kar. Pharmacognosy Agus Pharmacobiotechnology. New Age International. 2003. Lch. 284.

[17] http://www.jbtfoodtech.com/utils/~/media/JBT%20FoodTech/Files/Citrus/WhitePapers/Oil%20Recovery%20Manual.ashx

[18] https://www.naha.org/explore-aromatherapy/about-aromatherapy/how-are-essential-oils-extracted/

[19] https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/lemonlimeoils_508.pdf

[20] Black HS, srl. “Photocarcinogenesis: forbhreathnú.” J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997 Lúnasa;40(1):29-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9301042

[21] Wu S, srl. “Tomhaltas Citrus agus Riosca Melanoma Mailíseach Craiceann. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Lúnasa 10;33(23):2500-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.57.4111. Foilsithe ar líne 2015 Meitheamh 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26124488

[22] Wu S, srl. “Tomhaltas Citrus agus riosca carcinoma cill bhunúsach agus carcinoma cill scamhógach an chraiceann.” Carcinogenesis. 2015 Deireadh Fómhair;36(10):1162-8. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgv109. Foilsithe ar líne 2015 Iúil 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26224304

[23] https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/l/lemon-16.html

[24] Miller L, Miller B. Ayurveda Agus Aromatherapy Treoir Bhunúsach an Domhain do Chlisteacht Ársa agus Leigheas Nua-Aimseartha. Foilsitheoir Motilal Banarsidass, 1998. Lch. 266.

[25] Pitchford, Paul. Leigheas le Bia Iomlán: Traidisiúin Áiseacha agus Cothú Nua-Aimseartha. North Atlantic Books. Berkeley, CA. 1993, lch 532.

[26] http://www.askdrmao.com/natural-health-dictionary/lemon/

[27] Thenmozhi JA. “Cuireann Hesperidin feabhas ar dysfunction cognaíoch, strus ocsaídiúcháin agus apoptosis i gcoinne samhail lucha a spreagadh le clóiríd alúmanaim de ghalar AlzheimerNeolaíocht Chothaitheach 2016 Feabh 15. [Foilsithe roimh chló] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878879

[28] JIMBO, D., KIMURA, Y., TANIGUCHI, M., INOUE, M. agus URAKAMI, K. (2009), Éifeacht an aromatherapy ar othair le galar Alzheimer. Psychogeriatrics, 9: 173–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00299.x

[29] Ceccarelli I, Lariviere WR, Fiorenzani P, Sacerdote P, Aloisi AM. "Éifeachtaí nochtadh fadtéarmach do bholadh ola riachtanach líomóide ar pharaiméadair iompraíochta, hormónacha agus néarógacha i lucha fireann agus baineann." Brain Res. 2004 Mar 19;1001(1-2):78-86.

[30] Jellinek JS. Éifeachtaí boladh síceadynamacha agus a meicníochtaí. Cosmaideacha agus Táirgí Folctha. 1997;112:61–71.

[31] Knasko SC. Éifeacht boladh timpeallachta ar chruthaitheacht, giúmar, agus sláinte a mheas. Chem Senses. 1992;17:27–35. [

[32] Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Graham JE, Malarkey WB, Porter K, Lemeshow S, Glaser R. "Tionchairí boladh ar giúmar agus feidhmiú uathrialach, hormónach, agus imdhíonachta." Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Aib;33(3):328-39.

[33] Kim MJ, et al. “Laghdaigh aiste díthocsain líomóide saille coirp, frithsheasmhacht inslin, agus leibhéal hs-CRP serum gan athruithe hematolaíocha i mná Cóiréacha róthrom.” Nutr Res. 2015 Beal;35(5):409-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.001. Foilsithe ar líne 2015 Aib 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25912765

[34] Éifeachtúlacht laghdaithe saille de mhéitibilítí hesperetin i lucha a bhfuil ard-cholestéaról ithe acu. Kim HK, Jeong TS, Lee MK, Park YB, Choi MS Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Ean; 327(1-2):129-37.

[35] Fukuchi, Yoshiko et al. “Cuireann Polafhainéil Líomóide cosc ar Oibritheacht a Spreagadh ag Aiste Bia trí Uasghrádú ar Leibhéil mRNA na Einsímí a Bhaintear le Β-Oxáidiú i dTaisceán Bán Luchóg.” Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 43.3 (2008): 201–209. PMC. Gréasáin. 9 Aib. 2016.

[36] Ogata S, Miyake Y, Yamamoto K, Okumura K, Taguchi H. Apoptóis a spreagadh ag an flavonoid ó thorthaí líomóide (Citrus limon BURM. f.) agus a mhéitibilítí i gcealla HL-60. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 64(5):1075-1078.

[37] Miller, Jessica A. srl. “Dáileadh agus Bitheghníomhacht Limonene i mBan le Ailse Brollach Céim Luath.” Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 6.6 (2013): 577–584. PMC. Gréasáin. 9 Aibreán 2016.

[38] Zaletok SP, srl. “Té glas, fíon dearg agus eastóscáin líomóide laghdaíonn fás tumaí turgnamhacha agus tocsaineacht drugaí ailse.” Exp Oncol. 2015 Nollaig;37(4):262-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26710838

[39] Miyake, Yoshiaki, agus Masanori Hiramitsu. “Aonrú agus Eastóscadh Substaintí Frithmhiocróbach i gcoinne Germs béil ó Chraiceann Líomóide.” Journal of food science and technology 48.5 (2011): 635–639. PMC. Gréasáin. 9 Aibreán 2016.

[40] http://www.mommypotamus.com/uses-for-lemon-oil-and-peel/  

Scríofa ag Dr. Keri Layton, Leighis Nádúrtha  

Rugadh agus tógadh Dr. Layton i Rhode Island. Fuair sí céim bhunleibhéil i Neuroscience agus Iompar ó Mount Holyoke College i 1999. Tar éis an choláiste, d’oibrigh sí i mBoston mar chúntóir taighde ar Thionscadal Géine Daonna, ansin mar mhúinteoir bitheolaíochta ar scoil ard. Bhí go leor de na páistí a d’oibrigh sí leo ag streachailt le mífheidhmíochtaí foghlama agus ADHD. Ba é an taithí seo a neartaigh a mianta bheith ina Dochtúir Nádúrtha. Is é paisean Dr. Layton ná Dochtúirí Nádúrtha a fheiceáil go hiomlán comhtháite i gcóras cúraim sláinte. Tá sí tiomanta do Dochtúirí Nádúrtha a fheiceáil ag fáil an chead chun an scóip iomlán dá gcuid oiliúna a chleachtadh i ngach stát. Bhí sí ina ball ar Thithe na nIonadaithe den American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. D’oibrigh sí ar Bhord RIANP mar Rúnaí agus Uachtarán go dtí 2014, ag tabhairt Rhode Island níos gaire do cheadúnas NDs ná riamh roimhe sin. Ag maireachtáil anois i Massachusetts, is ball í Dr. Layton den Massachusetts Society of Naturopathic Doctors. Tá Dr. Layton ina cónaí anois i Massachusetts lena fear céile agus a beirt pháistí, ag comhoibriú le baill dá pobal Nua-Shasana chun a sláinte agus a bhfolláine a fheabhsú. https://kerilayton.com/

Alt Athbhreithnithe ag Sarah Ingram

Is Aromatherapist Deimhnithe NAHA agus Comhairleoir Sláinte Nádúrtha Deimhnithe í Sarah Ingram le blianta fada taithí i dtionscal an aromatherapy agus na sláinte nádúrtha. Tá sí freisin feirmeoir orgánach agus rith sí a gnó féin go rathúil - eSCENTials Aroma i Woodstock, Ill. - áit a chruthaíonn, a fhoirmleann, a dhearann, a dhéanann, a mhargaíonn agus a dhíolann sí táirgí aromatherapy uile-nádúrtha, déanta go sciliúil. Déan teagmháil léi ag 847-975-2030 nó trí ríomhphost: sarbhr2@hotmail.com. Nasc siopa Etsy: https://www.etsy.com/shop/eSCENTialsAroma. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sarah-ingram-96195a66

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Frequently asked questions

Why is lemon oil so effective for acne treatment?

Lemon oil fights acne with potent antibacterial action that regulates sebum and clears blemishes.

Can lemon oil lighten post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and scars?

Yes, regular lemon oil use evens skin tone and fades dark acne scars effectively.

What precautions prevent lemon oil phototoxicity risks?

Use lemon oil strictly at night; apply broad-spectrum SPF mandatory during daytime exposure.

Is lemon oil useful beyond skincare for household cleaning?

Lemon oil serves as an excellent natural disinfectant for household surfaces and tools.

How to test for citrus allergies before using lemon oil?

Perform a 24-hour patch test on your inner forearm before applying lemon oil to face.

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Does Fluoride Help Sensitive Teeth? Understanding How Fluoride Toothpaste Protects Enamel
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Does Fluoride Help Sensitive Teeth? Understanding How Fluoride Toothpaste Protects Enamel

Tooth sensitivity is a common dental concern that can make everyday activities...

Best Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth: What Actually Works
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Best Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth: What Actually Works

Tooth sensitivity is one of the most common dental concerns people experience....

Is Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) Bad for Sensitive Gums? Understanding SLS in Toothpaste
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Is Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) Bad for Sensitive Gums? Understanding SLS in Toothpaste

Toothpaste is a key part of daily oral hygiene. Most people use...

Natural Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth: A Gentler Approach to Oral Care
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Natural Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth: A Gentler Approach to Oral Care

Toothpaste is an essential part of daily oral hygiene. Most people use...

Whitening Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth: Protecting Your Smile During Whitening Treatments
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Whitening Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth: Protecting Your Smile During Whitening Treatments

A bright smile is one of the most common cosmetic goals in...

Fluoride vs Fluoride-Free Toothpaste: What’s the Difference?
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Fluoride vs Fluoride-Free Toothpaste: What’s the Difference?

Choosing the right toothpaste is an important part of maintaining a healthy...

Tooth Oil vs Toothpaste: Which Is Better for Sensitive Teeth?
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Tooth Oil vs Toothpaste: Which Is Better for Sensitive Teeth?

Traditional toothpaste has long been the standard for maintaining oral hygiene. However,...

Why Are My Teeth Sensitive? Understanding the Causes of Tooth Sensitivity
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Why Are My Teeth Sensitive? Understanding the Causes of Tooth Sensitivity

If you have ever felt a sudden jolt of pain while drinking...

How to Strengthen Tooth Enamel Naturally
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
How to Strengthen Tooth Enamel Naturally

Tooth enamel is the strongest substance in the human body. However, despite...

The Ultimate Guide to Toothpaste: Types, Ingredients, and How to Choose the Best Toothpaste
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
The Ultimate Guide to Toothpaste: Types, Ingredients, and How to Choose the Best Toothpaste

Toothpaste is one of the most widely used tools in daily hygiene...

Tonsil Stones Progression And Dangers
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Tonsil Stones Progression And Dangers

Tonsil stones usually are not serious, but they do often accompany tonsillitis...

Types, Signs And Symptoms Of Gum Boils
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Types, Signs And Symptoms Of Gum Boils

Gum boils are a generic term that refers to various types of...

Easy Treatments For Dry Mouth
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Easy Treatments For Dry Mouth

Reviewed By Ray Spotts A very common issue associated with age, medication...

Are Bad Teeth Genetic? What You Need To Know About Your Family Tree And Your Oral Health
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Are Bad Teeth Genetic? What You Need To Know About Your Family Tree And Your Oral Health

Written By Jennifer Raskin / Reviewed By Ray SpottsDid Grandma lose her...

Can Swimming Hurt Your Teeth?
Oral Care
Apr 17, 2026
Can Swimming Hurt Your Teeth?

There are things that can be done to reduce the effect of...

Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free
Skin Care
Jun 01, 2026
Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free

If you have been searching for a natural skin care routine that...

10 Best Natural Face Oils for Every Skin Type
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
10 Best Natural Face Oils for Every Skin Type

Navigating the world of facial oils can be overwhelming. With hundreds of...

Anti-Aging Skincare Without Chemicals: What Actually Works
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Anti-Aging Skincare Without Chemicals: What Actually Works

The quest for youthful, radiant skin doesn't have to involve a complex...

Parabens & Sulfates: Why They're Harmful and What to Use Instead
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Parabens & Sulfates: Why They're Harmful and What to Use Instead

Walking down the skincare aisle can feel like reading a chemistry textbook....

Natural Face Oil vs Moisturizer: Which Is Better for Dry Skin?
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Natural Face Oil vs Moisturizer: Which Is Better for Dry Skin?

If you have dry skin, you know the constant struggle to find...

Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free Guide
Skin Care
May 22, 2026
Natural Skin Care Routine: The Complete Chemical-Free Guide

In an era of complex 10-step regimens and miracle-in-a-jar promises, the allure...

Gentle Skin Care That Nourishes Naturally & Promotes Radiant Balance
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care That Nourishes Naturally & Promotes Radiant Balance

Gentle Skin Care is more than a trend—it’s a philosophy rooted in...

Gentle Skin Care Enhanced with Hydration & Glass Skin Results
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care Enhanced with Hydration & Glass Skin Results

Gentle Skin Care is no longer just about keeping irritation away—it has...

Gentle Skin Care Solution for Sensitive & Delicate Complexions
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care Solution for Sensitive & Delicate Complexions

Gentle Skin Care is more than a beauty category—it’s a lifeline for...

Gentle Skin Care with Multi-Use Hydration & Toner Compatibility
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care with Multi-Use Hydration & Toner Compatibility

Gentle Skin Care isn’t just about avoiding irritation, it’s about choosing products...

Gentle Skin Care Rooted in Purity & Botanical Integrity
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Gentle Skin Care Rooted in Purity & Botanical Integrity

Gentle Skin Care is more than a category, it is a philosophy...

Natural Skin Care Routine for Hydration and Glowing Skin
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Natural Skin Care Routine for Hydration and Glowing Skin

Dry, dull skin rarely needs more products. It needs better ones. A...

Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Pure Botanical Body Oil
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Pure Botanical Body Oil

A healthy Skin Care Routine should do more than clean and moisturize...

Skin Care Routine for Acne Prone and Sensitive Skin Relief
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine for Acne Prone and Sensitive Skin Relief

A well designed Skin Care Routine should bring harmony, comfort, and confidence...

Skin Care Routine That Preps, Protects and Perfects the Skin Barrier
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine That Preps, Protects and Perfects the Skin Barrier

A great Skin Care Routine goes beyond cleansing and moisturizing. It strengthens...

Skin Care Routine for Clear Skin: A Botanical Approach That Works
Skin Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine for Clear Skin: A Botanical Approach That Works

A consistent skin care routine for clear skin does more than remove...

The Best Natural Ingredients For Moisturized Hands
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
The Best Natural Ingredients For Moisturized Hands

There are plenty of natural strategies to combat dry skin.

Storax Or Styrax Balsam: What Is It?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Storax Or Styrax Balsam: What Is It?

Styrax balsam is the natural resin or build up that comes from...

What Is Sea Rocket – And How Is It Good For Your Skin?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Sea Rocket – And How Is It Good For Your Skin?

Sea rocket is a great element to add to your skincare regimen...

Sapote Oil: A Hair And Skin Must Have
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Sapote Oil: A Hair And Skin Must Have

Due to the high levels of vitamin A and C, as well...

The Balsam Of Peru
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
The Balsam Of Peru

Balsam of Peru is extracted from a tree called myroxlon balsamum. The...

Tucuma Butter For Hair And Body Care
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Tucuma Butter For Hair And Body Care

Tucuma butter is a pH balanced, completely natural and organic butter that...

Why Rapeseed Oil Is Essential For Skin
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Why Rapeseed Oil Is Essential For Skin

Rapeseed oil has a tremendous nutritional composition that makes it perfect for...

Monoi Oil For Skin And Hair
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Monoi Oil For Skin And Hair

Monoi oil is incredibly beneficial for the skin and hair.

Top Benefits Of Kapok Seed Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Top Benefits Of Kapok Seed Oil

Here are some of the most common benefits associated with kapok seed...

Orange Peel Oil Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Orange Peel Oil Benefits

This is one of the reasons that orange peel oil is so...

Copaiba Essential Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Copaiba Essential Oil

Copaiba oil has been used for generations as a natural way to relieve...

What Is Croton Oil?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Croton Oil?

Croton oil is an oil that used to be used for stomach...

How Polyglutamic Acid Is Used In Skin Care And Why You Should Look For It
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
How Polyglutamic Acid Is Used In Skin Care And Why You Should Look For It

When you use polyglutamic acid, you’ll start noticing smoother skin that looks...

Is Yogurt Good for Skin? What the Ingredients Actually Do
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Is Yogurt Good for Skin? What the Ingredients Actually Do

Yogurt is well known as a healthy addition to your diet and...

Best Exfoliators For Your Face And Body
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Best Exfoliators For Your Face And Body

The modern-day array of face exfoliators allows you to find the perfect...

Understanding The Term ‘Noncomedogenic’: The Complete Guide to Pore-Safe Skincare
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Understanding The Term ‘Noncomedogenic’: The Complete Guide to Pore-Safe Skincare

Noncomedogenic is a term applied to cosmetic items when they prevent blocking...

Coenzyme Q10 Skin Benefits: A Must-Have In Your Skincare Regimen
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Coenzyme Q10 Skin Benefits: A Must-Have In Your Skincare Regimen

Written By Jennifer Raskin / Reviewed By Ray Spotts When you’re looking...

Idaho Tansy Essential Oil And Its Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Idaho Tansy Essential Oil And Its Benefits

Idaho tansy has positive effects on those who choose to use it...

Why Hickory Nut Oil Works
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Why Hickory Nut Oil Works

Hickory nuts are great at providing energy. These amazing, versatile nuts and their...

Key Benefits Of Egusi Seed Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Key Benefits Of Egusi Seed Oil

There are numerous benefits associated with these small white seeds. Here are...

Cupuacu Butter’s Skin Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Cupuacu Butter’s Skin Benefits

Written By Abigail Wise / Reviewed By Ray Spotts Cupuacu is a...

What Is Mowrah Butter?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Mowrah Butter?

There are a number of reasons why mowrah butter is beneficial to...

7 Ways Bentonite Clay Benefits Your Skin
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
7 Ways Bentonite Clay Benefits Your Skin

Whether you realize it or not, your body is exposed to harmful...

Cistus Essential Oil AKA Rock Rose
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Cistus Essential Oil AKA Rock Rose

Cistus oil is also known as rock rose oil and it is...

The Benefits Of Cashew Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
The Benefits Of Cashew Oil

The oil that is derived from the cashew nut is cold pressed...

Why Cohune Oil Is The Next Big Thing
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Why Cohune Oil Is The Next Big Thing

Cohune oil is also great for the skin, and due to its...

What Is Sfumatura?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Sfumatura?

The way in which the sfumatura process is carried out is fascinating,...

Tamanu Oil Benefits
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Tamanu Oil Benefits

Tamanu oil provides many skincare benefits

What Are The Health Benefits Of Salt
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Are The Health Benefits Of Salt

Salt has always gotten a bad reputation due to its high sodium...

Orange Oil Preparation
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Orange Oil Preparation

Bitter orange oils are obtained via cold pressing. Cold pressed means that...

Key Benefits Of Hazelnut Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Key Benefits Of Hazelnut Oil

There are many ways that hazelnut oil can be used to improve...

What Is Myrtol Standardized?
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
What Is Myrtol Standardized?

Studies show that myrtol standardized is comprised of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory aspects.

Benefits Of Cotton Seed Oil
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Benefits Of Cotton Seed Oil

Cotton seed oil is a type of vegetable oil that is derived...

Does Celery Juice Clear Up Skin? What You Should Know
Skin Care
Apr 16, 2026
Does Celery Juice Clear Up Skin? What You Should Know

Here is some insight into how celery juice can benefit your skin,...

How to Use Pain Relief Oil: Foot, Back & Muscle Application Guide
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
How to Use Pain Relief Oil: Foot, Back & Muscle Application Guide

You've invested in a high-quality natural pain relief oil — but are...

5 Best Essential Oils for Joint Pain (Backed by Research)
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
5 Best Essential Oils for Joint Pain (Backed by Research)

Joint pain — whether from arthritis, overuse, or inflammation — can significantly...

Natural Pain Relief Oil vs Ibuprofen: Pros, Cons & What Works
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
Natural Pain Relief Oil vs Ibuprofen: Pros, Cons & What Works

In the ongoing quest for effective pain management, the debate between natural...

How to Relieve Sore Muscles Naturally After Exercise
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
How to Relieve Sore Muscles Naturally After Exercise

A deep ache that sets in a day after intense exercise is...

Natural Muscle Pain Relief: The Complete Drug-Free Strategy Guide
Pain Care
May 28, 2026
Natural Muscle Pain Relief: The Complete Drug-Free Strategy Guide

Natural muscle pain relief attracts millions of searches every month, and for...

Skin Care Routine for Comfort, Hydration and Foot Recovery
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine for Comfort, Hydration and Foot Recovery

Most people think of a Skin Care Routine as something meant only...

Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Bioelectric Mapping for Aching Feet
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine Enhanced by Bioelectric Mapping for Aching Feet

A Skin Care Routine is often associated with the face, yet the...

Skin Care Routine That Revives Feet After Injury and Stress
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine That Revives Feet After Injury and Stress

A complete Skin Care Routine extends far beyond the https://nz.loccitane.com/how-to-care-for-your-feetface. The skin...

Skin Care Routine with Natural Hydration and Foot Massage Benefits
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine with Natural Hydration and Foot Massage Benefits

Feet absorb more daily stress than almost any other part of the...

Skin Care Routine Rooted in Natural Recovery and Lasting Comfort
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Skin Care Routine Rooted in Natural Recovery and Lasting Comfort

A complete Skin Care Routine should nourish more than your complexion. It...

Muscle Pain Relief That Soothes, Restores and Rejuvenates Naturally
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief That Soothes, Restores and Rejuvenates Naturally

Muscle soreness is something almost everyone experiences at some point. Whether it...

Muscle Pain Relief Powered by Therapeutic Essential Oils
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief Powered by Therapeutic Essential Oils

Muscle discomfort can interrupt your day, slow your movement and take a...

Muscle Pain Relief for Athletes, Workers and Everyday Recovery
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief for Athletes, Workers and Everyday Recovery

Muscle soreness can impact anyone, from high performing athletes and active workers...

Muscle Pain Relief That Enhances Massage and Joint Mobility
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief That Enhances Massage and Joint Mobility

Muscle soreness and joint stiffness can affect anyone, whether you are active,...

Muscle Pain Relief Rooted in Nature and Backed by Wellness Science
Pain Care
Apr 17, 2026
Muscle Pain Relief Rooted in Nature and Backed by Wellness Science

Muscle soreness, tension and fatigue can affect anyone regardless of age or...

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